汉语中的这类词，老师学生见了都头疼，今天花6分钟搞懂它

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Learning tips >> 汉语中的这类词，老师学生见了都头疼，今天花6分钟搞懂它 | 干货

Verb morphemes and nominal morphemes in clutch words are often used separately, such as "a short walk, an hour of sleep, two hours of swimming".
In the syllabus of Chinese vocabulary and Chinese characters, "meet, shower, sleep, walk" and other separable words are class-a words, which are closely related to students' lives.
However, these clutch words have a strong ability to expand, involving grammar points of different levels and difficulties, and running through the whole process of foreign students' Chinese learning, so it is difficult for teachers to arrange teaching.
Today, we will talk about what clutch words are distributed in the six levels of HSK, and the common errors, usage and teaching TIPS of clutch words.

离合词中的动词性语素和名词性语素经常分开使用，如「散了一会儿步、睡了一个小时觉、游了两个小时泳」等。

在《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》中，「见面、洗澡、睡觉、散步」等离合词属于甲级词，与学生的生活息息相关。

但这些离合词扩展能力较强，涉及了各个不同等级和难度的语法点，贯穿了外国学生汉语学习的整个过程，所以教师在安排教学时难度较大。

今天，我们就来谈谈分布在HSK六个等级中的离合词有哪些，以及离合词常见偏误、用法和教学小TIPS。

Clutch in HSK

HSK里的离合词

On the classification of the clutch words, at present, the recognition is high that the clutch words are divided into verb-object type, verb-complement type and subject-predicate type. The verm-object form is the main type of clutch words, accounting for 97% of the total clutch words.
There are 158 clutch words in HSK glossary, as shown in the following table:

关于离合词的分类，目前认可度较高的是把离合词分为动宾式、动补式和主谓式三种。其中动宾式是离合词的主要类型，占离合词总量的97%。

《HSK词汇大纲》中共有158个离合词，如下表：

The grammatical characteristics of clutch words

离合词的语法特点

The characteristics of a
A lot of elements can be inserted in the middle of the two morphemes, such as the dynamic particles (,,) and the structural particles (,,).
Such as:
He is taking a bath.
I met him yesterday.
I've already asked for leave.
When did he take the bath?
The characteristics of the two
An attribute or several modifiers can be inserted in the middle of a clutch word.
Such as:
1. Drinking hot tea can relieve the heat in summer.
Some people improve their health by taking cold showers.
3. A nice hot bath.
The characteristics of the three
In the middle of clutch words can be inserted the momentum complement, the time complement, the possible complement and the tendency complement.
In the case of time-dependent or momentum-based complement, either the complement is placed in the middle of the two constituent morphemes, or the preceding verbal morpheme is repeated.
Such as:
She has been married three times in her life. [momentum complement]
We took pictures for half an hour. [time and quantity complement]
Characteristics of the four
When a clutch word is accompanied by a state complement, the preceding verbal morpheme should be repeated.
Such as:
My mouth is dry from lecturing.
He runs with sweat all over his head.
Characteristics of the five
Clutch words generally do not take an object, the object involved should be introduced by preposition.
Such as:
I'll see him this afternoon.
You don't want to marry her.
Characteristics of six
The overlap form of clutch words is different from that of ordinary verbs. Clutch words only overlap the previous verbal morphemes, that is, the overlap form of ordinary verbs is ABAB, and the overlap form of clutch words is AAB. The comparison is as follows:
General verbs:
Let's have a rest.
We should make a good study of this problem.
Clutch words:
Let's go for a walk after supper.
I'd like to have a chat with you.
Characteristics of the seven
In order to emphasize the mood, the clutch word also has the inversion usage.
Such as:
1. Why did you lie down without taking a bath?
There were so many people in the hospital that I didn't even register.

特点一

离合词两个构成语素的中间可插入很多的成分，如动态助词（着、了、过）和结构助词「的」等。

例如：

1、他正洗着澡。

2、我昨天和他见了面。

3、我已经请过假了。

4、他什么时候洗的澡。

特点二

离合词中间可插入定语或多项修饰成分。

例如：

1、夏天喝热茶能够解暑。

2、有的人通过洗冷水澡来增强体质。

3、洗了个舒畅的热水澡。

特点三

离合词中间可插入动量补语、时量补语、可能补语和趋向补语。

带时量补语或动量补语时，要么把补语放在两个构成语素的中间，要么重复前面的动词性语素。

例如：

1、她一辈子结了三次婚。[动量补语]

2、我们照相照了半个小时。[时量补语]

特点四

离合词带状态补语时，要重复其前面的动词性语素。

例如：

1、我讲课讲得口干舌燥。

2、他跑步跑得满头是汗。

特点五

离合词一般不带宾语，涉及的对象要通过介词等引入。

例如：

1、我下午和他见面。

2、你不要跟她结婚。

特点六

离合词的重叠形式与一般动词不同，离合词只重叠前面的动词性语素，即一般动词的重叠式为ABAB式，离合词的重叠式为AAB式。对比如下：

一般动词：

1、我们休息休息吧。

2、这个问题我们应该好好研究研究。

离合词：

1、晚饭后咱们去散散步吧。

2、我想和你聊聊天。

特点七

为了强调语气，离合词也有倒装的用法。

例如：

1、你怎么连澡都不洗就躺下了？

2、医院人太多了，我连号都没挂上。

Errors analysis

偏误分析

-- error 1 --
He is running. ✘
He is running. ✔
I have never lied. ✘
I have never told a lie. ✔
Analysis: the dynamic particles "zhe, hao, guo" should be placed in the middle of the two morphemes.
-- error 2 --
After class, let's go to the movies. ✘
After class, let's go to the cinema. ✔
I'll take a shower after my haircut. ✘
I'll take a shower after my haircut. ✔
Analysis: results the position of complement is wrong, should be placed in the middle of the two components of the clutch words.
-- error 3 --
We walked for an hour. ✘
We took a walk for an hour. ✔
I had a chat with her just now. ✘
I had a chat with her just now. ✔
Analysis: the position of time and quantity complement is wrong. It should be put in the middle of the two morphemes or repeat the verbal morphemes.
-- error 4 --
She sings very well. ✘
She sings very well. ✔
She dances like a million bucks. ✘
She dances very well. ✔
Analysis: verbal morphemes should be repeated in conjunction with state complement.
-- error 5 --
Grandpa often takes a walk after dinner. ✘
Grandpa often takes a walk after dinner. ✔
He nodded to me. ✘
He nodded to me. ✔
Analysis: the overlap form of the clutch word is wrong, should be AAB.
-- error 6 --
Everyone applauded him. ✘
Everybody applauded him. ✔
I'll see him tomorrow. ✘
I'll see him tomorrow. ✔
Analysis: clutch words generally do not take an object, the object involved should be introduced by prepositions, or into other verbs.
-- error 7 --
He burst into applause. ✘
He suddenly clapped his hands. ✔
He was suddenly angry. ✘
He was suddenly angry. ✔
Analysis: when the trend complement "get up" and the clutch word appear at the same time, the two constituent morphemes and "get up" of the clutch word should be separated.

— 偏误1 —

他正跑步着。✘

→ 他正跑着步。✔

我从来没有说谎过。✘

→ 我从来没有说过谎。✔

分析：动态助词「着、了、过」要放在离合词两个构成语素的中间。

— 偏误2 —

上课完，我们去看电影吧。✘

→ 上完课，我们去看电影吧。✔

理发完我去洗澡。✘

→理完发我去洗澡。✔

分析：结果补语的位置有误，应放在离合词两个构成语素的中间。

— 偏误3 —

我们散步了一个小时。✘

→ 我们散了一个小时（的）步。✔

刚才我和她聊天了一会儿。✘

→ 刚才我和她聊了一会儿天。✔

分析：时量补语的位置有误，应放在离合词两个构成语素的中间或者重复动词性语素。

— 偏误4 —

她唱歌得非常好。✘

→ 她唱歌唱得非常好。✔

她跳舞得特别棒。✘

→ 她跳舞跳得特别棒。✔

分析：离合词带状态补语时要重复动词性语素。

— 偏误5 —

爷爷饭后经常散步散步。✘

→ 爷爷饭后经常散散步。✔

他对我点头了点头。✘

→ 他对我点了点头。✔

分析：离合词的重叠形式有误，应为AAB式。

— 偏误6 —

大家都鼓掌他。✘

→ 大家都为他鼓掌。✔

我明天见面他。✘

→ 我明天和他见面。✔

分析：离合词一般不带宾语，涉及的对象要通过介词等引入，或者换成其他动词。

— 偏误7 —

他突然鼓掌起来。✘

→ 他突然鼓起掌来。✔

他突然生气起来了。✘

→ 他突然生起气来。✔

分析：趋向补语「起来」与离合词同时出现时，离合词的两个构成语素和「起来」都要分开。

Teaching little TIPS

教学小TIPS

The characteristics of the clutch word determine that the teaching of the clutch word must take into account the characteristics of the usage of the two forms of "" and" he ".
This model follows the principle of first conjunction and then dissociation, especially for those clutch words with strong extensibility and high common degree. These clutch words and the grammar points associated with them may not be given at the same time.
When a clutch word appears for the first time as a new word, students should first master its lexical meaning and grammatical function.
In the future, when the relevant grammar points out the present, to have been taught the clutch of the new extension of the form of teaching, and then to seize the opportunity, let students firmly grasp the extension of the form of the clutch.
In addition, while highlighting the basic sentence patterns commonly used in clutch words, we should also grasp the special usage in the extended form of clutch words. For example, "zhe" can be inserted in the extension of the clutch word, but the extension form of "face to face" can only be used "zhe", and rarely "hao, guo". For these words, if students analogy with the general rules of clutch words, there will be a new bias.
To sum up, when teaching, to distinguish priorities, to determine the focus. For those basic sentence patterns with greater communicative value and higher common degree, they should be strengthened repeatedly in the exercises after teaching. For less commonly used extensions, you can teach without practice or even without teaching. Avoid by all means greediness, artificial increase teaching difficulty.
reference
[1] Yang yuling, grammar teaching manual for international Chinese teachers [M], 2011.
[2] wang ruimin. Analysis of errors in the use of Chinese clutch words for international students [J]. Language and character application, 2005 (S1).
[3] wang xiaoyan. Acquisition errors and teaching strategies of Chinese clutch words for Korean students [J]. Asia Pacific education, 2019 (06).
[4] yu baguio. Analysis on the errors of Chinese movement-object words in Thai learners [D]. Yunnan normal university, 2019.

离合词的特点决定了离合词的教学必须兼顾到「离」和「合」两种形式的用法特点，在教学模式上，可以借鉴周上之的离合词复式教学模式。

该模式遵循先合后离的原则，尤其是对于那些扩展能力较强、常用程度较高的离合词。这些离合词及与它相关的语法点可能不会同时给出，往往是生词先出现，相关语法点滞后。

在一个离合词作为生词首次出现时，首先要让学生掌握它的词汇意义、作为词的语法功能。

以后当相关语法点出现时，要对已经教过的离合词进行新的扩展形式的教学，而且这时要抓住时机，让学生牢固掌握离合词的扩展形式。

此外，突出离合词常用的基本句式的同时，也要抓住离合词扩展形式中的特有用法。例如，一般离合词扩展时都可以插入「着、了、过」，但「当面」的扩展形式则只能用「着」，很少用「了、过」。对于这些词，如果学生用离合词的一般规则类推，就会出现新的偏误。

综上所述，在教学时，要分清主次，确定重点。对于那些交际价值较大、常用程度较高的基本句式，要在教完后的练习中反复强化。对于不怎么常用的扩展式，可以只教不练，甚至不教。切忌贪大求全，人为增加教学难度。

参考文献

[1]杨玉玲,国际汉语教师语法教学手册[M],2011.

[2]王瑞敏.留学生汉语离合词使用偏误的分析[J].语言文字应用,2005(S1).

[3]王晓雁.韩国留学生汉语离合词的习得偏误及教学策略[J].亚太教育,2019(06).

[4]余碧瑶. 泰国学习者汉语动宾式离合词偏误分析[D].云南师范大学,2019.

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